Bodobalazs: 1 revision imported: GDPRHUB import 2023 04 18

2023-04-18T15:01:34Z

1 revision imported: GDPRHUB import 2023 04 18

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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 1: General provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 1 GDPR|Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives]]<br />
[[Article 2 GDPR|Article 2: Material scope]]<br />
[[Article 3 GDPR|Article 3: Territorial scope]]<br />
[[Article 4 GDPR|Article 4: Definitions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 2: Principles</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 5 GDPR|Article 5: Principles relating to processing of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 6 GDPR|Article 6: Lawfulness of processing]]<br />
[[Article 7 GDPR|Article 7: Conditions for consent]]<br />
[[Article 8 GDPR|Article 8: Conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services]]<br />
[[Article 9 GDPR|Article 9: Processing of special categories of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 10 GDPR|Article 10: Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences]]<br />
[[Article 11 GDPR|Article 11: Processing which does not require identification]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 3: Rights of the data subject</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 12 GDPR|Article 12: Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 13 GDPR|Article 13: Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 14 GDPR|Article 14: Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 15 GDPR|Article 15: Right of access by the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 16 GDPR|Article 16: Right to rectification]]<br />
[[Article 17 GDPR|Article 17: Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)]]<br />
[[Article 18 GDPR|Article 18: Right to restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 19 GDPR|Article 19: Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 20 GDPR|Article 20: Right to data portability]]<br />
[[Article 21 GDPR|Article 21: Right to object]]<br />
[[Article 22 GDPR|Article 22: Automated individual decision-making, including profiling]]<br />
[[Article 23 GDPR|Article 23: Restrictions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 4: Controller and processor</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 24 GDPR|Article 24: Responsibility of the controller]]<br />
[[Article 25 GDPR|Article 25: Data protection by design and by default]]<br />
[[Article 26 GDPR|Article 26: Joint controllers]]<br />
[[Article 27 GDPR|Article 27: Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union]]<br />
[[Article 28 GDPR|Article 28: Processor]]<br />
[[Article 29 GDPR|Article 29: Processing under the authority of the controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 30 GDPR|Article 30: Records of processing activities]]<br />
[[Article 31 GDPR|Article 31: Cooperation with the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 32 GDPR|Article 32: Security of processing]]<br />
[[Article 33 GDPR|Article 33: Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 34 GDPR|Article 34: Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35: Data protection impact assessment]]<br />
[[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36: Prior consultation]]<br />
[[Article 37 GDPR|Article 37: Designation of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 38 GDPR|Article 38: Position of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 39 GDPR|Article 39: Tasks of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 40 GDPR|Article 40: Codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 41 GDPR|Article 41: Monitoring of approved codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 42 GDPR|Article 42: Certification]]<br />
[[Article 43 GDPR|Article 43: Certification bodies]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 5: Transfers of personal data</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 44 GDPR|Article 44: General principle for transfers]]<br />
[[Article 45 GDPR|Article 45: Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision]]<br />
[[Article 46 GDPR|Article 46: Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards]]<br />
[[Article 47 GDPR|Article 47: Binding corporate rules]]<br />
[[Article 48 GDPR|Article 48: Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law]]<br />
[[Article 49 GDPR|Article 49: Derogations for specific situations]]<br />
[[Article 50 GDPR|Article 50: International cooperation for the protection of personal data]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 6: Supervisory authorities</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 51 GDPR|Article 51: Supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 52 GDPR|Article 52: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 53 GDPR|Article 53: General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 54 GDPR|Article 54: Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 55 GDPR|Article 55: Competence]]<br />
[[Article 56 GDPR|Article 56: Competence of the lead supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 57 GDPR|Article 57: Tasks]]<br />
[[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58: Powers]]<br />
[[Article 59 GDPR|Article 59: Activity reports]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 7: Cooperation and consistency</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 60 GDPR|Article 60: Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned]]<br />
[[Article 61 GDPR|Article 61: Mutual assistance]]<br />
[[Article 62 GDPR|Article 62: Joint operations of supervisory authorities]]<br />
[[Article 63 GDPR|Article 63: Consistency mechanism]]<br />
[[Article 64 GDPR|Article 64: Opinion of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 65 GDPR|Article 65: Dispute resolution by the Board]]<br />
[[Article 66 GDPR|Article 66: Urgency procedure]]<br />
[[Article 67 GDPR|Article 67: Exchange of information]]<br />
[[Article 68 GDPR|Article 68: European Data Protection Board]]<br />
[[Article 69 GDPR|Article 69: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 70 GDPR|Article 70: Tasks of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 71 GDPR|Article 71: Reports]]<br />
[[Article 72 GDPR|Article 72: Procedure]]<br />
[[Article 73 GDPR|Article 73: Chair]]<br />
[[Article 74 GDPR|Article 74: Tasks of the Chair]]<br />
[[Article 75 GDPR|Article 75: Secretariat]]<br />
[[Article 76 GDPR|Article 76: Confidentiality]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 8: Remedies, liability and penalties</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77: Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 78 GDPR|Article 78: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 79 GDPR|Article 79: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 80 GDPR|Article 80: Representation of data subjects]]<br />
[[Article 81 GDPR|Article 81: Suspension of proceedings]]<br />
[[Article 82 GDPR|Article 82: Right to compensation and liability]]<br />
[[Article 83 GDPR|Article 83: General conditions for imposing administrative fines]]<br />
[[Article 84 GDPR|Article 84: Penalties]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 9: Specific processing situations</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 85 GDPR|Article 85: Processing and freedom of expression and information]]<br />
[[Article 86 GDPR|Article 86: Processing and public access to official documents]]<br />
[[Article 87 GDPR|Article 87: Processing of the national identification number]]<br />
[[Article 88 GDPR|Article 88: Processing in the context of employment]]<br />
[[Article 89 GDPR|Article 89: Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes]]<br />
[[Article 90 GDPR|Article 90: Obligations of secrecy]]<br />
[[Article 91 GDPR|Article 91: Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 92 GDPR|Article 92: Exercise of the delegation]]<br />
[[Article 93 GDPR|Article 93: Committee procedure]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-width: 0px" overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 11: Final provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 94 GDPR|Article 94: Repeal of Directive 95: /46: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 95 GDPR|Article 95: Relationship with Directive 20: 02: /58: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 96 GDPR|Article 96: Relationship with previously concluded Agreements]]<br />
[[Article 97 GDPR|Article 97: Commission reports]]<br />
[[Article 98 GDPR|Article 98: Review of other Union legal acts on data protection]]<br />
[[Article 99 GDPR|Article 99: Entry into force and application]]<br />
</small>
</div>
</div>
|}
==Legal Text==
<br /><center>'''Article 18 - Right to restriction of processing'''</center>

<span id="1">1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller restriction of processing where one of the following applies:</span>

::<span id="1a">(a) the accuracy of the personal data is contested by the data subject, for a period enabling the controller to verify the accuracy of the personal data;</span>

::<span id="1b">(b) the processing is unlawful and the data subject opposes the erasure of the personal data and requests the restriction of their use instead;</span>

::<span id="1c">(c) the controller no longer needs the personal data for the purposes of the processing, but they are required by the data subject for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims;</span>

::<span id="1d">(d) the data subject has objected to processing pursuant to Article 21(1) pending the verification whether the legitimate grounds of the controller override those of the data subject.</span>

<span id="2">2. Where processing has been restricted under paragraph 1, such personal data shall, with the exception of storage, only be processed with the data subject's consent or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or for the protection of the rights of another natural or legal person or for reasons of important public interest of the Union or of a Member State.</span>

<span id="3">3. A data subject who has obtained restriction of processing pursuant to paragraph 1 shall be informed by the controller before the restriction of processing is lifted.</span>

==Relevant Recitals==
{{Recital/67 GDPR}}{{Recital/156 GDPR}}

==Commentary==

The right to restriction of processing was introduced in 2016 by the GDPR although a somewhat similar protection could already be found in Article 12(2) of Directive 95/46 (DPD). That provision gave data subjects the possibility to request the ''“blocking of data”'' where the processing was unlawful. However, the DPD did not specify the meaning of 'blocking' or what it would actually require from the controller.<ref>''Gonzáles Fuster'', in Kuner, Bygrave and Docksey, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), A commentary, Article 18 GDPR, p. 487 (Oxford University Press, 2020).</ref> The lack of clarity of that provision prompted the Commission to replace any reference to the 'blocking' of personal by a new and more specific right under the GDPR.

The right to restriction of processing allows data subjects to temporarily limit the type of processing operations that a controller can perform on their personal data. More specifically, when a data subject exercises the right to restriction of processing, the controller is only allowed to passively store the personal data, but can no longer share, disclose, erase, or perform any other type of processing operation on them, unless a specific exception applies (e.g. consent of the data subject). The right to restriction of processing only applies during a limited period (the ''“restriction period”''), at the end of which the controller is no longer bound to limit the processing operation to the storage of data. The length of this restriction period will vary from one case to another, as further explained below.

The four legal grounds on the basis of which data subjects may exercise their right to restriction of processing will be discussed here below, following which the limited exceptions to this right will be analysed.

===(1) Legal Grounds===
The right to restriction of processing can be invoked by the data subjects in four different situations: accuracy of personal data, unlawful processing, legal claims and objection to processing under Article 21 GDPR. Each of these situations is characterised by the existence of an ongoing claim or objection relating to the processing of the personal data. For example, when the accuracy of the personal data is contested under Article 16 GDPR. In that case, Article 18 GDPR offers data subjects the possibility to temporarily require controllers to restrict the processing of their inaccurate personal data, pending its rectification. This mitigates immediate risks caused by the continuous processing of inaccurate personal data.

According to Recital 67 GDPR, methods to restrict the processing of personal data include temporarily moving the selected data to another processing system, making the selected personal data unavailable to users, or temporarily removing published data from a website. In automated filing systems, the restriction of processing should be ensured by technical means in such a manner that the personal data are not subject to further processing operations and cannot be changed. In particular, the fact that the processing of personal data is restricted should clearly be indicated in the system.<ref>In case of automated processing, marking the data records as "blocked" is sufficient if the software accessing the marked data sets is able to recognise that only permitted processing operations under Article 18(2) are possible. See, ''Herbst'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 18 GDPR, margin number 30 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref>

The right to restriction of processing can be effectively exercised by data subjects when one of the following grounds applies:

====(a) Accuracy of Personal Data====
Data subjects can exercise their right to restriction of the processing when it appears that their personal data are inaccurate and must be rectified. Indeed, data subjects have a right to rectification of their personal data under [[Article 16 GDPR]]. However, the rectification of personal data may take a variable period of time depending on the nature and amount of data, the diligence of the controller, etc. While awaiting the rectification of their personal data, data subjects may want to protect themselves from any adverse effect linked to the processing of their inaccurate data by restricting the type of operations that the controller can still perform on them. In that context, the right to restriction of processing can apply upon request of the data subject for the limited period of time during which a controller is verifying the accuracy and/or rectifying the personal data.

Thus, the right to restriction of processing may be exercised after or in parallel to the right to rectification. For example, if a data subject notices that a controller is processing inaccurate personal data and that this may have an adverse effect on them (e.g. inaccurate bank account details which may lead to wrongful money transfers), they may simultaneously invoke [[Article 16 GDPR]] (right to rectification) and Article 18 GDPR (right to restriction) in order to request the controller to suspend the processing the personal data until the data has been corrected.
====(b) Unlawful Processing====
The right to restriction can also be exercised when it appears that a controller is processing personal data unlawfully, but the data subject requests restriction of the processing instead of the erasure of the personal data under Article 17 GDPR.The data subject does not have to justify this choice.<ref>''Dix,'' in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 17 GDPR, margin number 6 (C.H. Beck 2019). Along the same line, ''Herbst'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 18 GDPR, margin number 18 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> In such a case, the purpose of exercising the right conferred by Article 18 GDPR is to interrupt the unlawful processing operation whilst also preventing the data controller from erasing the personal data. The data subjects may want to oppose the erasure of their personal data for different reasons, including the fact that they still need (a copy) for their personal use.<ref>It might also be the case that the personal data constitute important evidence of the unlawful processing itself (e.g. health data which were collected without the consent of the data subject).</ref> The exercise of the right of restriction should automatically exclude any other processing of the data. However, it has been suggested that specifying the intention to exclude deletion could avoid any kind of misunderstanding with the controller.<ref>''Herbst'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 18 GDPR, margin number 16 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref>

Theoretically, data subjects could also prevent a controller from erasing their data by invoking [[Article 21 GDPR]].<ref>It must be recalled that, in accordance with Article 4(1) GDPR, deletion of personal data is a processing operation as such. By exercising their right to restriction of the processing, data subjects are therefore automatically putting controllers under the obligation ''not to'' erase their data, pending clarification of the unlawful nature of the processing.</ref> One may then question the relevance or added value of the right to restriction of the processing in the context of unlawful processing. However, it quickly becomes apparent from a careful reading of Article 21 GDPR that the right to object can only be exercised where the controller is processing personal data either on the basis of (i) its legitimate interest ([[Article 6 GDPR|Article 6(1)(f) GDPR]]) or (ii) the public interest ([[Article 6 GDPR|Article 6(1)(e) GDPR]]). Hence, data subjects may find themselves in a situation where the right to object does not apply, but the right to restriction of processing does. For example, if a controller is processing personal data for the performance of a contract under [[Article 6 GDPR|Article 6(1)(b) GDPR]], data subjects cannot object to the erasure of their data on the basis of Article 21 GDPR.<ref>They may, however, exercise the right to restriction of processing in order to request the controller ''not to erase'' personal data, while addressing the potential unlawful character of such processing.</ref>

====(c) Legal Claims====
The third legal basis for exercising the right to restriction of processing concerns situations where the controller no longer needs the personal data, but the data subject might still want them for the establishment, exercise or defence of a legal claim. Once again, the right to restriction therefore offers the possibility for data subjects to prevent the erasure of their personal data by the controller. In this case, the data controller has to retain the personal data even though it might not need them anymore, in order to safeguard the data subject's legitimate interests, and in particular the right of a data subject to gather information to establish, exercise or defend themselves in the context of an ongoing or otherwise imminent legal claim.<ref>''Herbst'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 18 GDPR, margin numbers 22-23 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> The restriction period should normally last until the data subject has been able to retrieve a copy of the relevant data, or until the legal claims are established, exercised or defended.

<u>Example</u>: following the end of a work relationship, a data subject exercise their right to restriction of processing in order to prevent his prior employer from erasing personal data that are needed for his defence in the context of an action relating to unpaid wages or abusive dismissal.

====(d) Objection to Processing====
The fourth and last legal basis concerns situations where a data subject has objected to the processing of personal data on the basis of [[Article 21 GDPR]], because the latter considers that the legitimate interests of the data controller in processing their personal data do not prevail over their interests, rights or freedoms. In parallel to exercising this right to object to the processing under [[Article 21 GDPR]], the data subject can also rely on Article 18 GDPR to force the controller to limit the processing of personal data to passive storage, pending a final decision on the underlying objection.

To fully understand the relevance of this legal ground, it is first important to recall that the right to object as enshrined in [[Article 21 GDPR]] is not always absolute. As a matter of fact, data subjects may only object to the processing of their personal data in a limited number of situations, for example when the legal basis for such processing is a 'legitimate interest' invoked by the controller.

Example: an insurance company could decide to monitor and collect information about insured persons who are suspected of insurance fraud based on the company's legitimate interests. However, it must be ensured that the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subjects do not prevail over the legitimate interest invoked by the controller.

This balancing exercise, which is incumbent on the controller, may nonetheless lead to discrepancies in opinion. If a dispute ensues, it will ultimately be for the competent data protection authority or national court to determine whether the objection was justified. However, this may take a more or less long period of time during which the data subjects may suffer harm.<span lang="EN-GB">The right to restriction of processing was
introduced in 2016 by the GDPR although a somewhat similar protection could
already be found in Article 12(2) of Directive 95/46 (DPD). That provision gave
data subjects the possibility to request the ''“blocking of data”'' where the processing was unlawful. However, the
DPD did not specify the meaning of 'blocking' or what it would actually require
from the controller.</span><ref>''Herbst'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 18 GDPR, margin numbers 49-50 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> Hence, Article 18 GDPR may prove to be particularity useful in those instances since it confers data subjects the right to request the controller to also temporarily restrict the processing of their personal data, pending a final decision.
===(2) Exceptions===
Once activated, Article 18 GDPR places a dual obligation on the controller during the restriction period: (i) the obligation to ''store'' the personal data; and (ii) the obligation ''not to'' perform any other operation on the "''restricted''" data. The obligation ''not to'' process the personal data in any other way than storage may nevertheless be tempered if either of the following exceptions apply.

====Consent====
A controller subject to a restriction request may still perform other processing operations than storage when this has been specifically allowed by the data subject. Indeed, data subjects can consent to the processing of their personal data beyond passive storage after having exercised their right under Article 18 GDPR.

Example: a data subject invokes Article 18 GDPR upon closing a bank account, in order to ensure that the bank does not delete important financial information relating to money transfers made in the last two preceding years. However, the data subject may in parallel consent to the bank deleting data which are older than two years.
====Legal Claims ====
A controller may reject a restriction request if processing is required for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims. This exception may of course become problematic when unduly or excessively relied on by controllers. By invoking it, controllers can indeed easily defeat the very purpose of the right to restriction of processing, which was to provide data subjects with an easy and quick way to alleviate the immediate risks pertaining to the processing of personal data. However, a controller may incur a fine if it wrongfully relies on that exception, in accordance with [[Article 83 GDPR|Article 83(5) GDPR]].

====Protection of Others' Rights====
A controller subject to a restriction request may decide to partly or fully reject that request, and therefore to continue processing the personal data of the data subject beyond passive storage, when this would be necessary for the protection of the rights of another natural or legal person. This exception may of course become problematic when unduly or excessively relied on by controllers, as already explained above. However, a controller may incur a fine if it wrongfully relies on that exception, in accordance with [[Article 83 GDPR|Article 83(5) GDPR]].

====Important Public Interest====
A controller subject to a restriction request may decide to partly or fully reject it, and therefore to continue processing the personal data beyond passive storage when this would be necessary for reasons of important public interest of the EU or of a Member State. This exception may of course become problematic when unduly or excessively relied on by controllers. In particular, in contrast to Article 23(1)(e) GDPR, which sets out strict requirements for the Union or Member State's law restricting GDPR rights, Article 18(2) GDPR does not make any reference to the law and merely refers to the public interest. This makes it all the more important to have a restrictive interpretation of the provision, which results in a directly applicable limitation of the data subject's right to data protection.<ref>''Dix,'' in Simitis, Hornung, Spiecker gen. Döhmann, Datenschutzrecht, Article 17 GDPR, margin number 13 (C.H. Beck 2019).</ref> However, a controller may incur a fine if it wrongfully relies on that exception, in accordance with [[Article 83 GDPR|Article 83(5) GDPR]].

===(3) Information to the Data Subject===
The third paragraph of Article 18 GDPR specifies that a data subject who has obtained restriction of processing must be informed by the controller before the restriction of processing is lifted. This provides the data subject with the possibility to argue that the restriction period is not over yet, for example if the latter considers that the underlying request, claim or objection has not been properly addressed or solved.

Furthermore, granting restriction of processing imposes on the controller the obligation to notify any recipients to whom the personal data have been disclosed about the restriction, so that they can themselves adapt the processing of personal data to what is allowed and required.<ref>''Herbst'', in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 18 GDPR, margin number 43 (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd Edition).</ref> See also [[Article 19 GDPR]].

==Decisions==
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 18 GDPR|Category:Article 18 GDPR]]

==References==
<references />
[[Category:GDPR Articles]]

Article 18 GDPR - Revision history

Bodobalazs: 1 revision imported: GDPRHUB import 2023 04 18