Bodobalazs: 1 revision imported: GDPRHUB import 2023 04 18

2023-04-18T15:01:43Z

1 revision imported: GDPRHUB import 2023 04 18

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![[Article 83 GDPR|←]] Article 84 - Penalties [[Article 85 GDPR|→]]
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|style="padding: 20px; background-color:#003399;"|[[File:Gdpricon.png|100px|center|link=Overview_of_GDPR]]
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<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 1: General provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 1 GDPR|Article 1: Subject-matter and objectives]]<br />
[[Article 2 GDPR|Article 2: Material scope]]<br />
[[Article 3 GDPR|Article 3: Territorial scope]]<br />
[[Article 4 GDPR|Article 4: Definitions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 2: Principles</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 5 GDPR|Article 5: Principles relating to processing of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 6 GDPR|Article 6: Lawfulness of processing]]<br />
[[Article 7 GDPR|Article 7: Conditions for consent]]<br />
[[Article 8 GDPR|Article 8: Conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services]]<br />
[[Article 9 GDPR|Article 9: Processing of special categories of personal data]]<br />
[[Article 10 GDPR|Article 10: Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences]]<br />
[[Article 11 GDPR|Article 11: Processing which does not require identification]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 3: Rights of the data subject</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 12 GDPR|Article 12: Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 13 GDPR|Article 13: Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 14 GDPR|Article 14: Information to be provided where personal data have not been obtained from the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 15 GDPR|Article 15: Right of access by the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 16 GDPR|Article 16: Right to rectification]]<br />
[[Article 17 GDPR|Article 17: Right to erasure (‘right to be forgotten’)]]<br />
[[Article 18 GDPR|Article 18: Right to restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 19 GDPR|Article 19: Notification obligation regarding rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing]]<br />
[[Article 20 GDPR|Article 20: Right to data portability]]<br />
[[Article 21 GDPR|Article 21: Right to object]]<br />
[[Article 22 GDPR|Article 22: Automated individual decision-making, including profiling]]<br />
[[Article 23 GDPR|Article 23: Restrictions]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 4: Controller and processor</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 24 GDPR|Article 24: Responsibility of the controller]]<br />
[[Article 25 GDPR|Article 25: Data protection by design and by default]]<br />
[[Article 26 GDPR|Article 26: Joint controllers]]<br />
[[Article 27 GDPR|Article 27: Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union]]<br />
[[Article 28 GDPR|Article 28: Processor]]<br />
[[Article 29 GDPR|Article 29: Processing under the authority of the controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 30 GDPR|Article 30: Records of processing activities]]<br />
[[Article 31 GDPR|Article 31: Cooperation with the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 32 GDPR|Article 32: Security of processing]]<br />
[[Article 33 GDPR|Article 33: Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 34 GDPR|Article 34: Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject]]<br />
[[Article 35 GDPR|Article 35: Data protection impact assessment]]<br />
[[Article 36 GDPR|Article 36: Prior consultation]]<br />
[[Article 37 GDPR|Article 37: Designation of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 38 GDPR|Article 38: Position of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 39 GDPR|Article 39: Tasks of the data protection officer]]<br />
[[Article 40 GDPR|Article 40: Codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 41 GDPR|Article 41: Monitoring of approved codes of conduct]]<br />
[[Article 42 GDPR|Article 42: Certification]]<br />
[[Article 43 GDPR|Article 43: Certification bodies]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 5: Transfers of personal data</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 44 GDPR|Article 44: General principle for transfers]]<br />
[[Article 45 GDPR|Article 45: Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision]]<br />
[[Article 46 GDPR|Article 46: Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards]]<br />
[[Article 47 GDPR|Article 47: Binding corporate rules]]<br />
[[Article 48 GDPR|Article 48: Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law]]<br />
[[Article 49 GDPR|Article 49: Derogations for specific situations]]<br />
[[Article 50 GDPR|Article 50: International cooperation for the protection of personal data]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 6: Supervisory authorities</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 51 GDPR|Article 51: Supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 52 GDPR|Article 52: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 53 GDPR|Article 53: General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 54 GDPR|Article 54: Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 55 GDPR|Article 55: Competence]]<br />
[[Article 56 GDPR|Article 56: Competence of the lead supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 57 GDPR|Article 57: Tasks]]<br />
[[Article 58 GDPR|Article 58: Powers]]<br />
[[Article 59 GDPR|Article 59: Activity reports]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 7: Cooperation and consistency</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 60 GDPR|Article 60: Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned]]<br />
[[Article 61 GDPR|Article 61: Mutual assistance]]<br />
[[Article 62 GDPR|Article 62: Joint operations of supervisory authorities]]<br />
[[Article 63 GDPR|Article 63: Consistency mechanism]]<br />
[[Article 64 GDPR|Article 64: Opinion of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 65 GDPR|Article 65: Dispute resolution by the Board]]<br />
[[Article 66 GDPR|Article 66: Urgency procedure]]<br />
[[Article 67 GDPR|Article 67: Exchange of information]]<br />
[[Article 68 GDPR|Article 68: European Data Protection Board]]<br />
[[Article 69 GDPR|Article 69: Independence]]<br />
[[Article 70 GDPR|Article 70: Tasks of the Board]]<br />
[[Article 71 GDPR|Article 71: Reports]]<br />
[[Article 72 GDPR|Article 72: Procedure]]<br />
[[Article 73 GDPR|Article 73: Chair]]<br />
[[Article 74 GDPR|Article 74: Tasks of the Chair]]<br />
[[Article 75 GDPR|Article 75: Secretariat]]<br />
[[Article 76 GDPR|Article 76: Confidentiality]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 8: Remedies, liability and penalties</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 77 GDPR|Article 77: Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 78 GDPR|Article 78: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority]]<br />
[[Article 79 GDPR|Article 79: Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor]]<br />
[[Article 80 GDPR|Article 80: Representation of data subjects]]<br />
[[Article 81 GDPR|Article 81: Suspension of proceedings]]<br />
[[Article 82 GDPR|Article 82: Right to compensation and liability]]<br />
[[Article 83 GDPR|Article 83: General conditions for imposing administrative fines]]<br />
[[Article 84 GDPR|Article 84: Penalties]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 9: Specific processing situations</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 85 GDPR|Article 85: Processing and freedom of expression and information]]<br />
[[Article 86 GDPR|Article 86: Processing and public access to official documents]]<br />
[[Article 87 GDPR|Article 87: Processing of the national identification number]]<br />
[[Article 88 GDPR|Article 88: Processing in the context of employment]]<br />
[[Article 89 GDPR|Article 89: Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes]]<br />
[[Article 90 GDPR|Article 90: Obligations of secrecy]]<br />
[[Article 91 GDPR|Article 91: Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 10: Delegated and implementing acts</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 92 GDPR|Article 92: Exercise of the delegation]]<br />
[[Article 93 GDPR|Article 93: Committee procedure]]<br />
</small>
</div></div>

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" overflow:auto;" style="border-width: 0px">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;">Chapter 11: Final provisions</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<small>
[[Article 94 GDPR|Article 94: Repeal of Directive 95: /46: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 95 GDPR|Article 95: Relationship with Directive 20: 02: /58: /EC]]<br />
[[Article 96 GDPR|Article 96: Relationship with previously concluded Agreements]]<br />
[[Article 97 GDPR|Article 97: Commission reports]]<br />
[[Article 98 GDPR|Article 98: Review of other Union legal acts on data protection]]<br />
[[Article 99 GDPR|Article 99: Entry into force and application]]<br />
</small>
</div>
</div>
|}

== Legal Text ==
<br /><center>'''Article 84 - Penalties'''</center>

<span id="1">1. Member States shall lay down the rules on other penalties applicable to infringements of this Regulation in particular for infringements which are not subject to administrative fines pursuant to Article 83, and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. Such penalties shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.</span>

<span id="2">2. Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to paragraph 1, by 25 May 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.</span>

== Relevant Recitals==
{{Recital/149 GDPR}} {{Recital/151 GDPR}} {{Recital/152 GDPR}}

== Commentary ==
Article 84 requires Member States to adopt by national law specific provisions for breaches of the GDPR not subject to the discipline of Article 83 GDPR. Such provisions must also be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. Pursuant to Article 84(2) GDPR, Member States are required to communicate such legislative measures to the European Commission.

===(1) Requirements for Member State Laws===
Certain violations of the GDPR are not listed in the catalogue of penalties in Article 83 GDPR. National legislators may add provisions to fill these gaps. Under Recital 152 GDPR, these provisions may either be civil or criminal in nature. For example, § 62 of the Austrian Data Protection Act (Datenschutzgesetz - DSG) sets a penalty of €50,000 for, ''inter alia'', (1) intentionally obtaining illegal access to personal data (2) refusing an inspection by the Austrian supervisory authority, (3) operating a CCTV system in violation of the specific rules set out in the Act. In the Netherlands, additional penalty provisions include Article 21a of the Act implementing the GDPR ('''Uitvoeringswet Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming''<nowiki/>'), which permits the supervisory authority to impose an administrative fine of up to €20 million (or 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover), where the requirements on access by payment service providers to the personal data of their users, established in Article 3.17(7) of the Financial Supervision Act (‘''Wet op het financieel toezicht''<nowiki/>'), are violated. The GDPR can in this way be viewed as an “''atypical hybrid of regulation and directive''.”<ref>''Kühling'', ''Martini'', Die Datenschutz-Grundverordnung: Revolution oder Evolution im europäischen un deutschen Datenschutzrecht?, Article 84 GDPR, margin numbers 448-449 (C.H. Beck 2016), cited by ''Popp'' in Sydow, Europaische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 84, margin number 1 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> Whilst it establishes an EU-wide penalty regime for violations under Article 83 GDPR, Article 84(1) GDPR dispenses with complete harmonisation. It does, however, provide that any sanctions chosen must be ‘effective, proportionate, and dissuasive,’ which limits national procedural autonomy to some extent.<ref>''Lynskey'' in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 84 GDPR, p. 1198 (Oxford University Press 2020); ''Popp'' in Sydow, Europaische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 84, margin number 1 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> Accordingly, rules on sanctions may not make it impossible in practice to exercise rights conferred by EU law,<ref>CJEU, Rewe, Case C-33/76, 16 December 1967 (available [https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf;jsessionid=DECFEDDC0BE6EAA5C6A2BC7AE72E4904?text=&docid=89192&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=5435313 here]) cited by ''Lynskey'' in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 84 GDPR, p. 1198 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> and must be sufficiently preventative, meaning use is made of the possibility of imposing them across Europe.<ref>''Gola'', Datenschutz-Grundverordnung, Article 84, margin numbers 1-2 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref>
====Relationship Between Article 83 and 84 GDPR====
The extent to which conduct under Article 83 GDPR should be excluded from penalties issued under Article 84 GDPR is debated. Whilst Popp and Jay argue that the wording of the GDPR is simply unclear in this regard,<ref>''Jay'', Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation, p. 331 (Sweet & Maxwell 2017); ''Popp'' in Sydow, Europaische Datenschutzgrundverordnung, Article 84, margin number 1 (C.H. Beck 2018, 2nd edition).</ref> according to de Hert, Boulet, and Lynskey, the existence of a penalty for conduct under Article 83 GDPR should not be seen to preclude a further penalty under Article 84 GDPR. For example, in cases where Member States lay down criminal provisions under Article 84 GDPR, de Hert and Boulet argue that, this “[''allows''] ''an approach where the criminal is only used when the administrative fails.''”<ref>''De Hert and Boulet'', The Co-Existance of Administrative and Criminal Law Approaches to Data Protection Wrongs’ in Wright and de Hert, Enforcing Privacy: Regulatory, Legal, and Technological Approaches, p. 838 (Springer, 2016).</ref> Lynskey notes that the words “''in particular”'' in Article 84(1) GDPR (“''Member States shall lay down other penalties […] in particular for infringements which are not subject to administrative fines pursuant to Article 83''”) support such a view.<ref>''Lynskey'' in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 84 GDPR, p. 1199 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> In contrast, Mountain highlights the phrase “''other penalties''” (“''Member States shall lay down the rules on other penalties''”), which would exclude all sanctions mentioned in Chapter VIII GDPR, i.e. the damages under Article 82 GDPR and fines under Article 83 GDPR.<ref>''Mountain'' in Kühling, Buchner, DS-GVO BDSG, Article 84, margin numbers 8-8b (C.H. Beck 2020, 3rd edition).</ref> In any case, should fines for conduct falling under the two articles overlap, the principle of ''ne bis in idem'', further discussed in the section below, must be taken into account.

====Criminal Penalties====
Many illegal processing activities under the GDPR may give rise to violations of national criminal laws that are specific to data processing or have broader application (e.g. laws on cybersecurity, fraud and alike). For example, under § 63 of the Austrian Data Protection Act, individuals who, with the intention of enriching themselves or a third party, deliberately use personal data that have been entrusted to them due to their professional occupation, or which they have illegally acquired, to financially benefit themselves or a third party, may be punished with imprisonment of up to one year. According to Recital 149 GDPR, the imposition of criminal penalties for infringements of national rules on criminal penalties under Article 84 GDPR should not lead to a breach of the principle of ''ne bis idem'', as interpreted by the CJEU. This principle, derived from Article 50 CFR, establishes the right to not be tried and punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same criminal offence. As Lynskey notes, the administrative fines under Article 83 GDPR can likely be classified as criminal in nature. Thus, compliance with Article 50 CFR may be threatened where a criminal sanction is issued under Article 84 for the same conduct.<ref>''Lynskey'' in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 84 GDPR, p. 1200 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref> Eurojust has noted the potential that the ''ne bis in idem'' principle may also be engaged at a transnational level, and Member States should consider criminal sanctions issued in other Member States.<ref>Eurojust, The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem in Criminal Matters in the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, p. 25 (September 2017), cited by ''Lynskey'' in Kuner et al., The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Article 84 GDPR, p. 1200 (Oxford University Press 2020).</ref>

=== (2) Notification Obligation ===
Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the provisions of its law which it adopts pursuant to Article 84(1) GDPR, by 25 May 2018 and, without delay, any subsequent amendment affecting them.

== Decisions ==
→ You can find all related decisions in [[:Category:Article 84 GDPR]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:GDPR Articles]]

Article 84 GDPR - Revision history

Bodobalazs: 1 revision imported: GDPRHUB import 2023 04 18