Module 1: Infrastructures - Revision history

XiaoliLi: /* Sources */

2025-09-17T10:04:07Z

Sources

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	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, ‘Strategic Goals’ (Competition Commission) <https://www.compcom.co.za/our-strategic-goals/>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, ‘Strategic Goals’ (Competition Commission) <https://www.compcom.co.za/our-strategic-goals/>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Vodacom, ‘Fixed Line Voice’ (Vodacom) <https://www.vodacombusiness.co.za/business/solutions/fixed-line-voice>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Vodacom, ‘Fixed Line Voice’ (Vodacom) <https://www.vodacombusiness.co.za/business/solutions/fixed-line-voice>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>MTN, ‘Speed up your world with fast fibre’ (MTN) <https://fibre.mtn.co.za/home?_gl=11naenwi_upMQ.._gaMjE0MDI2OTE1MS4xNzU3NjMwNTg4_ga_6JXVXM308H*czE3NTc2MzA1ODgkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTc2MzA1ODgkajYwJGwwJGg5ODM2ODY0ODk>.~~ ~~</p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>MTN, ‘Speed up your world with fast fibre’ (MTN) <https://fibre.mtn.co.za/home?_gl=11naenwi_upMQ.._gaMjE0MDI2OTE1MS4xNzU3NjMwNTg4_ga_6JXVXM308H*czE3NTc2MzA1ODgkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTc2MzA1ODgkajYwJGwwJGg5ODM2ODY0ODk>.</p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Cell C, ‘Get connected from R359’ (Cell C) <https://www.cellc.co.za/cellc/fibre?srsltid=AfmBOorjAFWBW-92nqGwxfLY3X_l5jIVx0MTGRgOVmwpvhdtHXin1S71>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Cell C, ‘Get connected from R359’ (Cell C) <https://www.cellc.co.za/cellc/fibre?srsltid=AfmBOorjAFWBW-92nqGwxfLY3X_l5jIVx0MTGRgOVmwpvhdtHXin1S71>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Telkom, ‘Get a MetroFibre fast connection’ (Telkom) <https://www.telkom.co.za/deals/uncapped-fibre-consumer>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Telkom, ‘Get a MetroFibre fast connection’ (Telkom) <https://www.telkom.co.za/deals/uncapped-fibre-consumer>. </p></div>
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	<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Press Releases'''</div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Press Releases'''</div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Internet Service Providers’ Association, ‘Press release: Net Neutrality Indicates a Functioning Democracy’ (Internet Service Providers’ Association, 29 April 2016) < https://ispa.org.za/press_releases/net-neutrality-indicates-a-functioning-democracy/>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Internet Service Providers’ Association, ‘Press release: Net Neutrality Indicates a Functioning Democracy’ (Internet Service Providers’ Association, 29 April 2016) < https://ispa.org.za/press_releases/net-neutrality-indicates-a-functioning-democracy/>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Cell C, ‘Cell C customer migration to Vodacom and MTN explained’ (Mybroadband, 27 January 2021) <https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cellular/384254-cell-c-customer-migration-to-vodacom-and-mtn-explained.html>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;" ><p>Cell C, ‘Cell C customer migration to Vodacom and MTN explained’ (Mybroadband, 27 January 2021) <https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cellular/384254-cell-c-customer-migration-to-vodacom-and-mtn-explained.html>. </p>
			<p class="p1">Christopher Greaves, ‘Country Profile: South Africa’ (InfraXchange,10 November 2024) <https://www.towerxchange.com/article/2e08ux8btkwadmw494lq8/country-profile-south-africa>.</p><p class="p1">Hanno Labuschagne, ‘Vodacom vs MTN vs Telkom vs Cell C — biggest mobile network battle’ (<span class="s1">''Mybroadband'', 8 January 2023) <https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cellular/473539-vodacom-vs-mtn-vs-telkom-vs-cell-c-biggest-mobile-network-battle.html</span>>''.''</p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Vermeulen J, ‘First Telkom mobile virtual network operator is near’ (Mybroadband, 13 June 2025) <https://mybroadband.co.za/news/telecoms/598727-first-telkom-mobile-virtual-network-operator-is-near.html>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Vermeulen J, ‘First Telkom mobile virtual network operator is near’ (Mybroadband, 13 June 2025) <https://mybroadband.co.za/news/telecoms/598727-first-telkom-mobile-virtual-network-operator-is-near.html>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>MyBroadband, ‘FNB banking app now zero-rated on mobile networks’ (MyBroadband, 29 June 2017) < https://mybroadband.co.za/news/banking/217490-fnb-banking-app-now-zero-rated-on-mobile-networks.html>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>MyBroadband, ‘FNB banking app now zero-rated on mobile networks’ (MyBroadband, 29 June 2017) < https://mybroadband.co.za/news/banking/217490-fnb-banking-app-now-zero-rated-on-mobile-networks.html>. </p></div>

NadineWalsh: /* */

2025-09-16T15:47:47Z

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	</div>		</div>

	~~==== ====~~
	==== Sources ====		==== Sources ====
	<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Journal Articles'''</div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Journal Articles'''</div>

NadineWalsh: /* Sources */

2025-09-16T15:47:30Z

Sources

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 16 September 2025
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	</div>		</div>

			==== ====
	==== Sources ====		==== Sources ====
	<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Journal Articles'''</div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Journal Articles'''</div>

XiaoliLi: /* Proposals and Initiatives */

2025-09-16T15:45:10Z

Proposals and Initiatives

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	==== Proposals and Initiatives  ====		==== Proposals and Initiatives  ====
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>In 2016, South Africa’s Department on Telecommunications and Postal Services (DTPS) published a White Paper (the ICT White Paper), where they strongly emphasized the introduction on net neutrality. The Department introduced a range of net neutrality objectives, including the protection of rights of users to free access of content, the right of the state to protect digital rights and prohibiting the blocking of content by internet intermediaries. However, the White Paper did not achieve any regulatory developments, but rather sparked debates on the benefits of, or lack of, net neutrality. The Internet Service Providers’ Association (ISPA) joined the DTPS in voicing their support for a net neutrality framework within the state. They believed that it promotes the transparent management ISPs and prevention of anticompetitive behaviour. Despite these calls for action, no regulation has followed.  As of currently, the ideas outlined in 2016-2017 have remained unrealized, leaving South Africa without a formal framework on net neutrality.  </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>In 2016, South Africa’s Department on Telecommunications and Postal Services (DTPS) published a White Paper (the ICT White Paper), where they strongly emphasized the introduction on net neutrality. The Department introduced a range of net neutrality objectives, including the protection of rights of users to free access of content, the right of the state to protect digital rights and prohibiting the blocking of content by internet intermediaries. However, the White Paper did not achieve any regulatory developments, but rather sparked debates on the benefits of, or lack of, net neutrality. The Internet Service Providers’ Association (ISPA) joined the DTPS in voicing their support for a net neutrality framework within the state. They believed that it promotes the transparent management ISPs and prevention of anticompetitive behaviour. Despite these calls for action, no regulation has followed.  As of currently, the ideas outlined in 2016-2017 have remained unrealized, leaving South Africa without a formal framework on net neutrality.  </p>
			</div>

	==== Sources ====		==== Sources ====

XiaoliLi: /* Sources */

2025-09-16T15:44:28Z

Sources

RomGoldwasser: /* European Union */

2025-09-16T15:43:06Z

European Union

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 [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/open-internet-and-net-neutrality.html#:~:text=Net%20neutrality%20is%20the%20principle,%2C%20blocking%2C%20throttling%20or%20prioritisation Net neutrality] is the principle that internet service providers (ISPs) treat all online traffic equally and openly, without discrimination, blocking, throttling or prioritisation. [https://www.berec.europa.eu/en/what-is-zero-rating Zero-rating] is a commercial practice whereby an internet access provider applies a zero tariff, or a tariff that is more advantageous, to all or part of the data traffic associated with an application or category of specific applications, offered by partners of that access provider.
 === European Union ===
 === Brazil ===
 ==== The legal framework and relevant regulatory actors for telecommunications in Brazil ====

NadineWalsh: /* Internet usage amongst the population of South Africa */

2025-09-16T15:42:23Z

Internet usage amongst the population of South Africa

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	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The most recent Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) report on The State of the ICT Sector Report of South Africa from March 2025 speaks of a growing dependence on cellular technology in South Africa. Whilst in 2016, 47.6% accessed the internet via mobile devices, this has increased dramatically to 72.6% in 2023. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The most recent Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) report on The State of the ICT Sector Report of South Africa from March 2025 speaks of a growing dependence on cellular technology in South Africa. Whilst in 2016, 47.6% accessed the internet via mobile devices, this has increased dramatically to 72.6% in 2023. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>In 2024 an increase in social media platforms resulted in a remarkable growth in fibre-based solutions (from 1.4m in 2023 to 2.7m in 2024). This demonstrates the influence of platforms in the day to day lives of South Africans and with it the need for increased internet access and speed. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>In 2024 an increase in social media platforms resulted in a remarkable growth in fibre-based solutions (from 1.4m in 2023 to 2.7m in 2024). This demonstrates the influence of platforms in the day to day lives of South Africans and with it the need for increased internet access and speed. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The digital inclusivity across South Africa has been increased decisively with the continued advancements in coverage.49 By the beginning of 2025, the national coverage for 3G networks has arrived at an impressive 99.79%, with 4G/LTE coverage slightly shy of the same percentage with 99.07%. As a result of this increased coverage, mobile connectivity and accessibility has greatly enhanced for a vast majority of the population. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The digital inclusivity across South Africa has been increased decisively with the continued advancements in coverage. By the beginning of 2025, the national coverage for 3G networks has arrived at an impressive 99.79%, with 4G/LTE coverage slightly shy of the same percentage with 99.07%. As a result of this increased coverage, mobile connectivity and accessibility has greatly enhanced for a vast majority of the population. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The ICASA report outlines a substantial growth in revenues in telecommunications, which was driven by a significant increase in mobile services (10.21%), which demonstrates a strong demand for connectivity. However, the report laments that although advancements in ICT have been established, the quality of broadband and the availability thereof in South Africa still leaves much to be desired in comparison to other leading global markets, highlighting the need for further improvements. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The ICASA report outlines a substantial growth in revenues in telecommunications, which was driven by a significant increase in mobile services (10.21%), which demonstrates a strong demand for connectivity. However, the report laments that although advancements in ICT have been established, the quality of broadband and the availability thereof in South Africa still leaves much to be desired in comparison to other leading global markets, highlighting the need for further improvements. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Whilst in 2016 there was a clear preference for pre-paid mobile phone usage (more than 80% of mobile usage was based on pre-paid agreements), this has changed in recent years. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Whilst in 2016 there was a clear preference for pre-paid mobile phone usage (more than 80% of mobile usage was based on pre-paid agreements), this has changed in recent years. </p></div>

NadineWalsh: /* Internet usage amongst the population of South Africa */

2025-09-16T15:41:46Z

Internet usage amongst the population of South Africa

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	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Data published in Meta’s advertising resources indicate that Facebook had 26.7m users in South Africa and Instagram 7.4m in early 2025, bringing the respective usage of these media platforms to 41% and 11% of the total population. Looking at the flipside of these figures, sheds however also light on the fact that 13.6m people in South Africa did not use the internet at the beginning of 2025, emphasising a discrepancy between technological progress and a large group of the population still remains offline by early 2025 (21.1%). </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Data published in Meta’s advertising resources indicate that Facebook had 26.7m users in South Africa and Instagram 7.4m in early 2025, bringing the respective usage of these media platforms to 41% and 11% of the total population. Looking at the flipside of these figures, sheds however also light on the fact that 13.6m people in South Africa did not use the internet at the beginning of 2025, emphasising a discrepancy between technological progress and a large group of the population still remains offline by early 2025 (21.1%). </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Whilst in the country has seen dramatic progress in internet availability, it is still grappling with providing a wide reach of coverage. Broadband coverage has expanded to reach 82.06% of the country but underserved rural and remote regions continue to face limited access. This persistent digital divide underscores the urgent need for targeted investment to achieve universal connectivity and enable the population in remote areas to take part in the digital economy. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Whilst in the country has seen dramatic progress in internet availability, it is still grappling with providing a wide reach of coverage. Broadband coverage has expanded to reach 82.06% of the country but underserved rural and remote regions continue to face limited access. This persistent digital divide underscores the urgent need for targeted investment to achieve universal connectivity and enable the population in remote areas to take part in the digital economy. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The country’s development had been hampered by what the Department of Communications (DoC) outlines in their 2013 report on Connectedness as “a lack of always-available, high speed and high-quality bandwidth, required by business, public institutions and citizens.”  This was deemed to impact the country’s development and global competitiveness.64 The loss of the label of ‘continental leader’ in broadband and internet has come hand in hand with a steady decline on global ICT indices. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The country’s development had been hampered by what the Department of Communications (DoC) outlines in their 2013 report on Connectedness as “a lack of always-available, high speed and high-quality bandwidth, required by business, public institutions and citizens.”  This was deemed to impact the country’s development and global competitiveness. The loss of the label of ‘continental leader’ in broadband and internet has come hand in hand with a steady decline on global ICT indices. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The Network Readiness Index (NRI) is one of the leading global indices on the application and impact of information and communication technology (ICT) in economies around the world. South Africa ranks 74th out of the 134 economies included in the NRI 2023, with e-participation, one of the many segments rated slightly slower at 83rd place. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The Network Readiness Index (NRI) is one of the leading global indices on the application and impact of information and communication technology (ICT) in economies around the world. South Africa ranks 74th out of the 134 economies included in the NRI 2023, with e-participation, one of the many segments rated slightly slower at 83rd place. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p><br></p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p><br></p></div>

NadineWalsh: /* Internet Service Providers (ISPs) */

2025-09-16T15:41:02Z

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

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	</div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>South African ICT market is primary regulated by two authorities, i.e., the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) and the Competition Commission of South Africa.  </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>'''Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA)''' </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA is an independent authority focusing on regulating the ICT market, playing a key role in achieving universal service and access. On one hand, it acts as a consumer protector, receiving and resolving complaints of the public about ICT services. On the other hand, it serves to promote competition in the ICT market, where its jurisdiction overlaps with that of the Competition Commission.</p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA regulates zero-rating practice through licensing and consumer protection measures. As conditions of licensing spectrum, it mandates that licensees must zero-rate content provided by public benefit organizations, which concerns education and health, etc. In the meanwhile, it issues and enforces End-User and Subscriber service Charter Regulations 2016 (EUSSC, amended in 2018; draft of further amendment issued in 2024), which set out requirements related to ex ante filing of promotional tariff as well as transparency concerning promotion and in and out-of-bundle rates and usage. </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p class="mwt-heading">'''Competition Commission of South Africa '''</p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The Competition Commission, as the general regulator of competition regime, proactively intervenes in the sector of information and communication technology. Regarding zero-rating practice, the Commission conducted inquiry into the data services market and provided recommendations to businesses on the issue of pricing. It also entered into agreements with major operators, requiring reduction of service price and zero-rate in the areas of education, employment, health, safety, etc.</p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;">		</div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>South African ICT market is primary regulated by two authorities, i.e., the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) and the Competition Commission of South Africa.  </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>'''Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA)''' </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA is an independent authority focusing on regulating the ICT market, playing a key role in achieving universal service and access. On one hand, it acts as a consumer protector, receiving and resolving complaints of the public about ICT services. On the other hand, it serves to promote competition in the ICT market, where its jurisdiction overlaps with that of the Competition Commission.</p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA regulates zero-rating practice through licensing and consumer protection measures. As conditions of licensing spectrum, it mandates that licensees must zero-rate content provided by public benefit organizations, which concerns education and health, etc. In the meanwhile, it issues and enforces End-User and Subscriber service Charter Regulations 2016 (EUSSC, amended in 2018; draft of further amendment issued in 2024), which set out requirements related to ex ante filing of promotional tariff as well as transparency concerning promotion and in and out-of-bundle rates and usage. </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p class="mwt-heading">'''Competition Commission of South Africa '''</p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The Competition Commission, as the general regulator of competition regime, proactively intervenes in the sector of information and communication technology. Regarding zero-rating practice, the Commission conducted inquiry into the data services market and provided recommendations to businesses on the issue of pricing. It also entered into agreements with major operators, requiring reduction of service price and zero-rate in the areas of education, employment, health, safety, etc.</p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;">
	====== Internet Service Providers (ISPs)  ======		====== Internet Service Providers (ISPs)  ======
	~~</div>~~<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The South African ICT market is an ecosystem comprised of a few large network operators and numerous smaller service providers. By enterprise size, Large Enterprises accounted for 61.8% of the South Africa ICT market in 2024; the SME segment is expected to grow fastest at a 10.4% CAGR through 2030. </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>'''Major ISPs''' </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>South African ICT market has been dominated by four major ISPs, i.e., Vodacom, MTN, Cell C, and Telkom. Vodacom and MTN combined make up more than half of the total market share.  </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Each of the four has its own network infrastructure and thus they are usually categorized as mobile network operators. Nevertheless, Cell C and Telkom are switching to mobile virtual network operation because of commercial consideration or regulatory requirement.26 Besides that, all the four provide fixed-line services. Among others, Telkom, as the former state-owned telecommunications monopoly in South Africa, has long been the largest fixed broadband provider in South Africa. </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>All of the major ISPs have actively engaged in zero-rating practice. On one hand, ISPs are obliged as spectrum licensees to provide zero rate to PBO content. On the other hand, the ISPs provide zero-rate to their business customers in the form of ‘sponsored data’ or ‘reverse-billed data’ as a marketing tool, helping customers attract traffic to their websites and apps. They also partnered with content providers like Facebook and Netflix to provide zero-rate service to end users. </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>'''Minor ISPs '''</p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>There are other ISPs which are smaller in scale but active in the ICT market, including (but not limited to) Rain, an emerging ISP providing data-only services using its own cell towers and by leasing infrastructure from Vodacom and MTN; Afrihost and Cool Ideas, ‘retailer’ ISPs which do not owning physical infrastructure but purchasing whole-sale bandwidth from network infrastructure owners, to offer a variety of fibre, LTE, and ADSL packages services. </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>There has been little coverage or discussion of minor ISPs engaging in zero-rating services, suggesting they may not participate in such business practices. </p></div><div style="font-weight: 400;">		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>The South African ICT market is an ecosystem comprised of a few large network operators and numerous smaller service providers. By enterprise size, Large Enterprises accounted for 61.8% of the South Africa ICT market in 2024; the SME segment is expected to grow fastest at a 10.4% CAGR through 2030. </p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>'''Major ISPs''' </p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>South African ICT market has been dominated by four major ISPs, i.e., Vodacom, MTN, Cell C, and Telkom. Vodacom and MTN combined make up more than half of the total market share.  </p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Each of the four has its own network infrastructure and thus they are usually categorized as mobile network operators. Nevertheless, Cell C and Telkom are switching to mobile virtual network operation because of commercial consideration or regulatory requirement. Besides that, all the four provide fixed-line services. Among others, Telkom, as the former state-owned telecommunications monopoly in South Africa, has long been the largest fixed broadband provider in South Africa. </p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>All of the major ISPs have actively engaged in zero-rating practice. On one hand, ISPs are obliged as spectrum licensees to provide zero rate to PBO content. On the other hand, the ISPs provide zero-rate to their business customers in the form of ‘sponsored data’ or ‘reverse-billed data’ as a marketing tool, helping customers attract traffic to their websites and apps. They also partnered with content providers like Facebook and Netflix to provide zero-rate service to end users. </p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>'''Minor ISPs '''</p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>There are other ISPs which are smaller in scale but active in the ICT market, including (but not limited to) Rain, an emerging ISP providing data-only services using its own cell towers and by leasing infrastructure from Vodacom and MTN; Afrihost and Cool Ideas, ‘retailer’ ISPs which do not owning physical infrastructure but purchasing whole-sale bandwidth from network infrastructure owners, to offer a variety of fibre, LTE, and ADSL packages services. </p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>There has been little coverage or discussion of minor ISPs engaging in zero-rating services, suggesting they may not participate in such business practices. </p></div>
			<div style="font-weight: 400;"></div>

	====== Others  ======		====== Others  ======
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>There are other key players in the ICT sector of South Africa which have been actively engaging in the debate on net neutrality and zero-rating and shaping relevant policies. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>There are other key players in the ICT sector of South Africa which have been actively engaging in the debate on net neutrality and zero-rating and shaping relevant policies. </p></div>

NadineWalsh: /* = */

2025-09-16T15:39:57Z

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	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>‘Zando launches zero-rated shopping for Vodacom subscribers’ (Bizcommunity, 29 March 2018) < https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/394/175364.html>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>‘Zando launches zero-rated shopping for Vodacom subscribers’ (Bizcommunity, 29 March 2018) < https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/394/175364.html>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Akabor N, ‘What is A Zero-Rated Site Or App?’, Vodacom (14 April 2022) <https://now.vodacom.co.za/article/what-is-a-zero-rated-site-or-ap Fundamentals of Digital Technologies and Law. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Akabor N, ‘What is A Zero-Rated Site Or App?’, Vodacom (14 April 2022) <https://now.vodacom.co.za/article/what-is-a-zero-rated-site-or-ap Fundamentals of Digital Technologies and Law. </p></div>

	~~=====~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 16 September 2025
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	==== Sources ====		==== Sources ====
	<div style="font-weight: 400;">Journal Articles</div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Journal Articles'''</div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Robb and Hawthorne, ‘Net neutrality and market power: The case of South Africa’ [2019] 43(9) Telecommunications Policy <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596118303446?casa_token=8Ex9dpUUU7QAAAAA:KxETV22UYMo4U1nZxKD03VlAWZl3GoRapOh_fgxzeVTTVu3sPHJvszg6gFhYL_zjLVC9YkF_Gq1Y>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Robb and Hawthorne, ‘Net neutrality and market power: The case of South Africa’ [2019] 43(9) Telecommunications Policy <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596118303446?casa_token=8Ex9dpUUU7QAAAAA:KxETV22UYMo4U1nZxKD03VlAWZl3GoRapOh_fgxzeVTTVu3sPHJvszg6gFhYL_zjLVC9YkF_Gq1Y>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;">Websites</div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Websites'''</div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Booth, ‘How South Africa chose diversity over Net Neutrality – Report’ (Mobile Europe, 10 January 2023) <https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/how-south-africa-chose-diversity-over-net-neutrality-report/> accessed 10 September 2025. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Booth, ‘How South Africa chose diversity over Net Neutrality – Report’ (Mobile Europe, 10 January 2023) <https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/how-south-africa-chose-diversity-over-net-neutrality-report/> accessed 10 September 2025. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>IKIGAI LAW, ‘Net Neutrality Regulation in South Africa’ (IKIGAI LAW, 10 July 2020) <https://www.ikigailaw.com/article/254/net-neutrality-regulation-in-south-africa>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>IKIGAI LAW, ‘Net Neutrality Regulation in South Africa’ (IKIGAI LAW, 10 July 2020) <https://www.ikigailaw.com/article/254/net-neutrality-regulation-in-south-africa>. </p></div>
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	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, ‘Our Role’ (Competition Commission)<https://www.compcom.co.za/about-us-2/>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, ‘Our Role’ (Competition Commission)<https://www.compcom.co.za/about-us-2/>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, ‘Strategic Goals’ (Competition Commission) <https://www.compcom.co.za/our-strategic-goals/>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, ‘Strategic Goals’ (Competition Commission) <https://www.compcom.co.za/our-strategic-goals/>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>~~ ~~Vodacom, ‘Fixed Line Voice’ (Vodacom) <https://www.vodacombusiness.co.za/business/solutions/fixed-line-voice>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Vodacom, ‘Fixed Line Voice’ (Vodacom) <https://www.vodacombusiness.co.za/business/solutions/fixed-line-voice>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>MTN, ‘Speed up your world with fast fibre’ (MTN) <https://fibre.mtn.co.za/home?_gl=11naenwi_upMQ.._gaMjE0MDI2OTE1MS4xNzU3NjMwNTg4_ga_6JXVXM308H*czE3NTc2MzA1ODgkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTc2MzA1ODgkajYwJGwwJGg5ODM2ODY0ODk>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>MTN, ‘Speed up your world with fast fibre’ (MTN) <https://fibre.mtn.co.za/home?_gl=11naenwi_upMQ.._gaMjE0MDI2OTE1MS4xNzU3NjMwNTg4_ga_6JXVXM308H*czE3NTc2MzA1ODgkbzEkZzAkdDE3NTc2MzA1ODgkajYwJGwwJGg5ODM2ODY0ODk>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>~~ ~~Cell C, ‘Get connected from R359’ (Cell C) <https://www.cellc.co.za/cellc/fibre?srsltid=AfmBOorjAFWBW-92nqGwxfLY3X_l5jIVx0MTGRgOVmwpvhdtHXin1S71>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Cell C, ‘Get connected from R359’ (Cell C) <https://www.cellc.co.za/cellc/fibre?srsltid=AfmBOorjAFWBW-92nqGwxfLY3X_l5jIVx0MTGRgOVmwpvhdtHXin1S71>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Telkom, ‘Get a MetroFibre fast connection’ (Telkom) <https://www.telkom.co.za/deals/uncapped-fibre-consumer>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Telkom, ‘Get a MetroFibre fast connection’ (Telkom) <https://www.telkom.co.za/deals/uncapped-fibre-consumer>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Telkom, ‘Telkom Business Units/Subsidiaries’ (Telkom) < https://group.telkom.co.za/about-us/business-units.html>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Telkom, ‘Telkom Business Units/Subsidiaries’ (Telkom) < https://group.telkom.co.za/about-us/business-units.html>. </p></div>
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	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ISPA, ‘ISPA Helps Consumers Verify Zero-Rated Websites in SA’ (ISPA, 17 June 2020) <https://ispa.org.za/press_releases/ispa-helps-consumers-verify-zero-rated-websites/> </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ISPA, ‘ISPA Helps Consumers Verify Zero-Rated Websites in SA’ (ISPA, 17 June 2020) <https://ispa.org.za/press_releases/ispa-helps-consumers-verify-zero-rated-websites/> </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>DGMT, ‘Applications for zero-rating are now open! And we’re here to help.’ (DGMT, 9 July 2024) <https://dgmt.co.za/applications-for-zero-rating-are-now-open-and-were-here-to-help/> </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>DGMT, ‘Applications for zero-rating are now open! And we’re here to help.’ (DGMT, 9 July 2024) <https://dgmt.co.za/applications-for-zero-rating-are-now-open-and-were-here-to-help/> </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;">White Papers</div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''White Papers'''</div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services, ‘National Integrated ICT Policy White Paper’ (Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services, 3 October 2016) <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201610/40325gon1212.pdf>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services, ‘National Integrated ICT Policy White Paper’ (Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services, 3 October 2016) <https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201610/40325gon1212.pdf>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Reports</p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>'''Reports'''</p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA, ’Report on the State of the ICT Sector of South Africa’ (ICASA, 31 March 2025),  <https://www.icasa.org.za/uploads/files/The-State-of-the-ICT-Sector-Report-of-South-Africa-2025.pdf> accessed 10 September 2025. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA, ’Report on the State of the ICT Sector of South Africa’ (ICASA, 31 March 2025),  <https://www.icasa.org.za/uploads/files/The-State-of-the-ICT-Sector-Report-of-South-Africa-2025.pdf> accessed 10 September 2025. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA, ’2nd Report on the State of the ICT Sector in South Africa’ (ICASA, 31 Marach 2017),  <https://www.icasa.org.za/legislation-and-regulations/2nd-report-on-the-state-of-ict-sector-in-south-africa> accessed 10 September 2025. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>ICASA, ’2nd Report on the State of the ICT Sector in South Africa’ (ICASA, 31 Marach 2017),  <https://www.icasa.org.za/legislation-and-regulations/2nd-report-on-the-state-of-ict-sector-in-south-africa> accessed 10 September 2025. </p></div>
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	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>NRI 2023 At-A-Glance: South Africa, (Network Readiness Index), <https://download.networkreadinessindex.org/reports/countries/2023/south-africa.pdf> accessed 10th September 2025. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>NRI 2023 At-A-Glance: South Africa, (Network Readiness Index), <https://download.networkreadinessindex.org/reports/countries/2023/south-africa.pdf> accessed 10th September 2025. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, Data services Market Inquiry Final Report by Competition Commission of South Africa (2 Dec 2019) < https://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/DSMI-Non-Confidential-Report-002.pdf> </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Competition Commission, Data services Market Inquiry Final Report by Competition Commission of South Africa (2 Dec 2019) < https://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/DSMI-Non-Confidential-Report-002.pdf> </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;">Press Releases</div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;">'''Press Releases'''</div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Internet Service Providers’ Association, ‘Press release: Net Neutrality Indicates a Functioning Democracy’ (Internet Service Providers’ Association, 29 April 2016) < https://ispa.org.za/press_releases/net-neutrality-indicates-a-functioning-democracy/>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Internet Service Providers’ Association, ‘Press release: Net Neutrality Indicates a Functioning Democracy’ (Internet Service Providers’ Association, 29 April 2016) < https://ispa.org.za/press_releases/net-neutrality-indicates-a-functioning-democracy/>. </p></div>
	<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Cell C, ‘Cell C customer migration to Vodacom and MTN explained’ (Mybroadband, 27 January 2021) <https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cellular/384254-cell-c-customer-migration-to-vodacom-and-mtn-explained.html>. </p></div>		<div style="font-weight: 400;"><p>Cell C, ‘Cell C customer migration to Vodacom and MTN explained’ (Mybroadband, 27 January 2021) <https://mybroadband.co.za/news/cellular/384254-cell-c-customer-migration-to-vodacom-and-mtn-explained.html>. </p></div>